N°2 / 2024

Traitement des productions dans le corpus multimodal d’apprenants : AntConc au service de la recherche en linguistique de corpus

Evgenia Nicol-Bakaldina

Résumé

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R&Eacute;SUM&Eacute;. Cet article pr&eacute;sente une m&eacute;thodologie d&#39;analyse de corpus multimodal des apprenants en secondaire dans le cadre d&rsquo;une recherche doctorale sur l&rsquo;enseignement bilingue EMILE, en utilisant des outils de traitement automatique de la langue (TAL), notamment AntConc. &Agrave; travers une &eacute;tude de cas, l&#39;article met en lumi&egrave;re les fonctionnalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;AntConc, telles que les requ&ecirc;tes simples, l&rsquo;analyse de la fr&eacute;quence et du type de lexique, la distribution des mots dans les productions orales et &eacute;crites, ainsi que la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de lignes de concordance et la recherche de collocations. Ces fonctionnalit&eacute;s permettent d&#39;explorer comment les apprenants utilisent le mod&egrave;le linguistique propos&eacute; par leurs enseignants dans un contexte bilingue. L&rsquo;article conclut en &eacute;valuant les avantages m&eacute;thodologiques et les limites de l&rsquo;utilisation d&#39;AntConc dans l&rsquo;analyse de corpus multimodaux, soulignant son importance pour le d&eacute;veloppement de nouvelles approches en linguistique appliqu&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">ABSTRACT. This article presents a methodological approach for analyzing multimodal corpora within the framework of doctoral research on bilingual education (EMILE) in a secondary school, using language processing tools (TAL), in particular AntConc. Basing on a case study, the article highlights the key functionalities of AntConc, such as simple queries, the analysis of lexical frequency and type, word distribution in oral and written productions, as well as the generation of concordance lines and the search for collocations. These features help explore how learners utilize the linguistic models provided by their teachers in a bilingual context. The article concludes with an evaluation of the methodological advantages and limitations of using AntConc for multimodal corpus analysis, emphasizing its importance for the development of new approaches in applied linguistics.</span></span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>1 </span></b><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Introduction et probl&eacute;matique</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le domaine de la linguistique computationnelle a connu un essor consid&eacute;rable depuis les ann&eacute;es 2000, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;volution des logiciels de traitement automatique de la langue (TAL). La liste non- exhaustive d&rsquo;applications des outils TAL inclut la transcription, l&rsquo;&eacute;tiquetage, les recherches cibl&eacute;es des collocations et d&rsquo;usage des mots en contexte, les analyses morpho-syntaxiques, lexiques ou s&eacute;mantiques, reconnaissance vocale, parmi plusieurs autres (voir Tutin et coll., s.d; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rohlfing et coll., 2006</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">). <span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">En fonction de l&rsquo;aspect envisag&eacute; du travail avec une langue, il est possible de parler de &laquo;&nbsp;&lsquo;l&rsquo;ing&eacute;nierie linguistique&rsquo;, quand l&rsquo;accent est mis sur les aspects pratiques et op&eacute;rationnels, ou de &lsquo;linguistique informatique&rsquo;, quand c&rsquo;est la linguistique qui tient un r&ocirc;le important dans les recherches&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="background:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="background:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Parmi ces outils, AntConc joue un r&ocirc;le cl&eacute; dans le d&eacute;veloppement de m&eacute;thodologies appliqu&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;analyse des corpus multimodaux. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre contribution s&#39;inscrit dans un cadre de d&eacute;veloppement m&eacute;thodologique en linguistique appliqu&eacute;e. Il vise &agrave; d&eacute;montrer comment l&#39;utilisation d&#39;outils TAL, notamment AntConc, permet d&#39;analyser des corpus oraux et &eacute;crits issus de productions d&rsquo;apprenants dans un contexte d&#39;enseignement bilingue (EMILE). L&rsquo;accent est mis sur la mani&egrave;re dont ces logiciels permettent d&#39;explorer des aspects lexicaux et syntaxiques &agrave; partir de donn&eacute;es multimodales, contribuant ainsi &agrave; enrichir la recherche en didactique des langues.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Le logiciel AntConc renseigne notamment sur les dimensions linguistiques de notre objet d&rsquo;&eacute;tude, notamment concernant les caract&eacute;ristiques et les traits sp&eacute;cifiques de l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves (vocabulaire, sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s grammatico-lexicales, etc.). Par exemple, nous nous posons des questions quant &agrave; la place et &agrave; la nature du vocabulaire dans l&rsquo;apprentissage immersif EMILE. Le vocabulaire se trouve-t-il plut&ocirc;t de c&ocirc;t&eacute; des mots acad&eacute;miques, sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s, ou entre les deux&nbsp;? Quels sont les mots et les expressions les plus fr&eacute;quents utilis&eacute;s par les apprenants&nbsp;? Le mot fr&eacute;quent est-il employ&eacute; plus souvent en cours de langue ou en cours de la DNL&nbsp;? Le contexte d&rsquo;emploi des mots par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves est-il le m&ecirc;me que celui utilis&eacute; par les professeurs&nbsp;? Enfin, que-est- ce que ces analyses r&eacute;v&egrave;lent sur le processus de l&rsquo;apprentissage et sur l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en cours immersif EMILE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans la premi&egrave;re partie, le cadre th&eacute;orique esquisse le statu quo du dispositif EMILE en Europe et en France, tout en expliquant le lien entre les langues &eacute;trang&egrave;res et le fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;; le contexte de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude est &eacute;galement pr&eacute;sent&eacute;, notamment le profil des participants et le d&eacute;veloppement du projet. Le corpus d&rsquo;&eacute;tude CORINE est d&eacute;crite ainsi que les &eacute;l&eacute;ments li&eacute;s au recueil de donn&eacute;s initiales. Dans la partie pratique, l&rsquo;article se focalise sur l&rsquo;application des logiciels TAL, en d&eacute;finissant les concepts cl&eacute;s de la linguistique de corpus. Ensuite le traitement des donn&eacute;es multimodales (&eacute;crites et orales) &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&#39;AntConc est examin&eacute; &agrave; travers des exemples concrets tir&eacute;s d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude de cas. Nous mettons particuli&egrave;rement en lumi&egrave;re certaines fonctionnalit&eacute;s telles que l&rsquo;analyse des collocations, des N-grams, l&rsquo;observation de la fr&eacute;quence lexicale des apprenants, la distribution d&rsquo;un mot dans le corpus, etc. L&rsquo;article se poursuit par une synth&egrave;se autour des apports du corpus pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; la probl&eacute;matique de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude, plus pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment concernant la caract&eacute;risation de l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. Dans la conclusion nous abordons les avantages et les limites des logiciels TAL dans l&rsquo;analyse des corpus, tout en soulignant leur r&ocirc;le crucial dans l&#39;&eacute;volution des m&eacute;thodologies en linguistique. Le Glossaire &agrave; la fin de l&rsquo;article donne des pr&eacute;cisions terminologiques des notions saillantes et des abr&eacute;viations de notre &eacute;tude.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>2. Cadre th&eacute;orique</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>2.1. Dispositif EMILE en Europe et en France</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&#39;Enseignement de Mati&egrave;res par l&#39;Int&eacute;gration d&#39;une Langue &Eacute;trang&egrave;re (EMILE) et les sections europ&eacute;ennes sont apparus en France dans un contexte d&#39;&eacute;volution des politiques &eacute;ducatives en faveur du bilinguisme et du plurilinguisme. D&egrave;s les ann&eacute;es 1950, des exp&eacute;rimentations bilingues ont vu le jour pour des raisons g&eacute;ographiques et socio-politiques, notamment le d&eacute;veloppement des relations &eacute;conomiques sur la fronti&egrave;re franco-allemande (Eurydice, 2016). Ces initiatives se sont amplifi&eacute;es dans les ann&eacute;es 1970, sous l&#39;influence des recommandations de l&#39;Union Europ&eacute;enne.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Agrave; partir des ann&eacute;es 1990, l&rsquo;Europe s&rsquo;est r&eacute;solument engag&eacute;e en faveur de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation bi- et plurilingue. Le Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe a promu des initiatives comme l&rsquo;EMILE pour renforcer les comp&eacute;tences multilingues des citoyens, avec pour objectif d&rsquo;accro&icirc;tre la ma&icirc;trise de plusieurs langues et de favoriser l&rsquo;ouverture interculturelle, conform&eacute;ment aux objectifs du Livre Blanc sur l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation et la Formation</span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. Le &laquo;&nbsp;multilinguisme &raquo; fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; la coexistence de diff&eacute;rentes langues au sein d&rsquo;une soci&eacute;t&eacute;, tandis que le &laquo;&nbsp;plurilinguisme &raquo; d&eacute;signe la capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;un individu &agrave; utiliser plusieurs langues <span style="color:black">(Commission Europ&eacute;enne, 2003, 2006 ; Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2006)</span>. Cette distinction se refl&egrave;te dans les programmes &eacute;ducatifs fran&ccedil;ais, qui ont introduit des cours pluridisciplinaires o&ugrave; plusieurs langues sont enseign&eacute;es dans un m&ecirc;me cadre, soutenant une &eacute;ducation &agrave; la fois linguistique et interculturelle.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comme Duverger (2011, p. 6) l&rsquo;affirme : &laquo; Ces b&eacute;n&eacute;fices ne peuvent &ecirc;tre obtenus, ces objectifs ne peuvent &ecirc;tre atteints par la simple juxtaposition des enseignements des deux langues et ceux des disciplines : une didactique int&eacute;gr&eacute;e, consciente et explicite, s&rsquo;impose comme une condition indispensable pour la r&eacute;ussite par une int&eacute;gration [&hellip;] entre les didactiques des langues et celles des disciplines &raquo;. En effet, la r&eacute;ussite des sections europ&eacute;ennes repose sur cette didactique int&eacute;gr&eacute;e, o&ugrave; l&#39;enseignement des langues et des disciplines non linguistiques ne sont pas simplement juxtapos&eacute;s, mais &eacute;troitement li&eacute;s pour maximiser les apprentissages.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ainsi, ces initiatives, notamment les sections europ&eacute;ennes, continuent de se d&eacute;velopper dans les coll&egrave;ges et lyc&eacute;es fran&ccedil;ais (voir Annexe 1). Elles jouent un r&ocirc;le central dans la promotion du plurilinguisme et pr&eacute;parent les &eacute;l&egrave;ves aux d&eacute;fis acad&eacute;miques internationaux, tout en leur offrant la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;obtenir des certifications linguistiques reconnues, comme le Cambridge English Certificate ou le DELF. Cela renforce le lien entre la langue fran&ccedil;aise et les langues &eacute;trang&egrave;res, en pla&ccedil;ant l&#39;int&eacute;gration didactique au c&oelig;ur de l&#39;&eacute;ducation et du d&eacute;veloppement des comp&eacute;tences interculturelles.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>2.2. Contexte de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;article se situe dans le cadre plus large d&rsquo;un projet de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de cas&nbsp;: observation directe d&rsquo;une classe SELO</span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> compos&eacute;e de 19 &eacute;l&egrave;ves en Terminale du lyc&eacute;e g&eacute;n&eacute;ral et technologique &agrave; Chamb&eacute;ry relevant du MEN. 18 heures de cours (l&rsquo;histoire-g&eacute;ographie enseign&eacute;e en L2 anglais&nbsp;; langue de scolarisation L1 est fran&ccedil;ais) ont &eacute;t&eacute; observ&eacute;s une fois par mois durant l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e scolaire 2018-2019 <i>en situ</i>. 16 heures de cours ont &eacute;t&eacute; enregistr&eacute;s. Deux professeurs &ndash; de langue vivante LV (anglais) &ndash; et d&rsquo;histoire-g&eacute;ographie (DNL) </span><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> interviennent dans la classe. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les sections suivantes apportent plus de d&eacute;tails contextuels concernant une mise en place de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de cas&nbsp;et la r&eacute;colte de donn&eacute;es : la pr&eacute;sentation des participants, les dates d&rsquo;observation des cours, les modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;enseignement. Nous terminons cette sous-partie en d&eacute;crivant le corpus CORINE-SEHEA et les analyses qui en ont &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;es en vue d&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement du profil de l&rsquo;interlangue des apprenants. L&rsquo;interlangue est le terme introduit pour la premi&egrave;re fois par Selinker (1972), dont la d&eacute;finition est donn&eacute;e ensuite par Quivy et Tardieu-Garnier</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> (2002, p.188)&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Langue interm&eacute;diaire que l&rsquo;apprenant constitue &agrave; partir de tous les mat&eacute;riaux &agrave; sa disposition &ndash; verbaux ou non verbaux &ndash; issus de la langue de d&eacute;part ou de la langue-cible. Il les int&egrave;gre dans un syst&egrave;me provisoire d&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;ses sujettes &agrave; r&eacute;vision, syst&egrave;me qui lui est personnel et manifeste l&rsquo;&eacute;tat ponctuel de sa connaissance du monde.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>2.2.1. D&eacute;but du projet </span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour trouver les participants de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de cas, deux options ont &eacute;t&eacute; envisag&eacute;es : contacter les &eacute;tablissements secondaires de Chamb&eacute;ry proposant le dispositif EMILE ou s&rsquo;appuyer sur des contacts personnels. C&rsquo;est finalement gr&acirc;ce &agrave; un r&eacute;seau de contacts, d&eacute;velopp&eacute; &agrave; partir de l&#39;exp&eacute;rience professionnelle en tant qu&#39;agente contractuelle de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation Nationale, qu&#39;une professeure d&rsquo;anglais d&rsquo;une section europ&eacute;enne &agrave; Chamb&eacute;ry a &eacute;t&eacute; sollicit&eacute;e. Apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;accord du proviseur, la pr&eacute;paration du projet a pu commencer (voir Annexe 4 pour la Chronologie de l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du projet).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le premier contact avec les deux professeures (LV et DNL) a eu lieu lors de la visite de l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement du 13 septembre 2018. L&#39;objectif de cette rencontre &eacute;tait de pr&eacute;senter le projet de recherche et de discuter des aspects pratiques de l&#39;&eacute;tude, tels que l&#39;acc&egrave;s aux supports d&#39;enseignement, aux &eacute;valuations des &eacute;l&egrave;ves et la possibilit&eacute; d&#39;assister aux cours. Cette premi&egrave;re rencontre informelle a &eacute;galement permis d&rsquo;observer les professeures dans leur environnement de travail, posant ainsi les bases de la collaboration.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les premi&egrave;res observations des cours EMILE ont eu lieu le 20 septembre 2018. Ces s&eacute;ances &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;ponges&nbsp;&raquo; avaient pour objectif de recueillir des impressions g&eacute;n&eacute;rales sur le d&eacute;roulement des cours et de commencer &agrave; identifier les modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;enseignement et les interactions entre professeures et &eacute;l&egrave;ves. Cette phase a permis de se familiariser avec le fonctionnement des cours et de poser les premi&egrave;res hypoth&egrave;ses sur l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enfin, les modalit&eacute;s de communication avec les professeures ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tablies, principalement via courriel et t&eacute;l&eacute;phone, et la fr&eacute;quence des observations a &eacute;t&eacute; planifi&eacute;e pour permettre une collecte de donn&eacute;es r&eacute;guli&egrave;re sur l&#39;ann&eacute;e scolaire.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:4px; border-collapse:collapse" width="612"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">No</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Observation</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Date</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nombre de cours</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Discipline observ&eacute;e/commentaires</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">1-2</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">20 septembre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2 cours </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL+LV</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">3-4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">04 octobre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL+LV</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">5-6</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">11 octobre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL+DNL</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">(prof. LV absente &ndash; voyage culturel aux &Eacute;tats-Unis)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">7-8</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">15 novembre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL+LV</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">9-10</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">13 d&eacute;cembre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL+LV</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">11-12</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">17 janvier 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">1 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL (prof. LV absente &ndash; en formation)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">13-14</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">14 f&eacute;vrier 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL+DNL (&eacute;valuation &agrave; l&rsquo;oral en 1-&egrave;re heure)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">15</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">14 mars 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">1 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">LV (prof. DNL absente &ndash; projet dans un autre &eacute;tablissement)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">16-17</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">11 avril 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL+LV</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">18-19</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">16 mai 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL+LV</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Total</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:140px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">18 cours</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:272px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">11 cours DNL + 7 cours LV</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139310881"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 1. Dates et nombre des cours observ&eacute;s (observation directe).</span></b></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>2.2.2. Participants</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Dans le cadre de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de cas, l&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon observ&eacute; est compos&eacute; d&rsquo;un groupe de 19 &eacute;l&egrave;ves de Terminale inscrits en section europ&eacute;enne. La majorit&eacute; d&#39;entre eux (75%) n&#39;avait aucune exp&eacute;rience des cours EMILE avant d&#39;int&eacute;grer cette section en classe de seconde. Le groupe est constitu&eacute; d&#39;&eacute;l&egrave;ves provenant de quatre classes de Terminale : 12 &eacute;l&egrave;ves des trois classes de Terminale S et 7 &eacute;l&egrave;ves de la fili&egrave;re ES.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enseignants. </span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La section europ&eacute;enne du lyc&eacute;e, cr&eacute;&eacute;e en 2015, est encadr&eacute;e par deux professeures : l&#39;une enseignant l&#39;anglais, l&#39;autre l&rsquo;histoire-g&eacute;ographie. La sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; de cette section r&eacute;side dans le fait que l&rsquo;enseignante de langue vivante (LV) est &eacute;galement form&eacute;e en histoire, ce qui lui permet d&rsquo;enseigner la DNL (histoire-g&eacute;ographie) en collaboration avec sa coll&egrave;gue. L&rsquo;enseignante de LV, avec 20 ans d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience, joue un r&ocirc;le de mentor pour sa coll&egrave;gue de DNL. De plus, elle intervient en interdisciplinarit&eacute; dans d&#39;autres mati&egrave;res au lyc&eacute;e, notamment en physique-chimie en classe de premi&egrave;re.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 2 pr&eacute;sente le profil de deux enseignantes en section europ&eacute;enne observ&eacute;e. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:-10px; border-collapse:collapse" width="643"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:151px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Titre</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Professeure de LV</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Professeure de DNL</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:151px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Age</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">44 ans</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">49 ans</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:151px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dipl&ocirc;mes et parcours professionnel</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Agr&eacute;gation d&rsquo;anglais (1998)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Double cursus histoire-anglais&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- Licence en histoire, Universit&eacute; de la Sorbonne (1995)</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- DEA, Universit&eacute; de la Sorbonne (1995)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Classes pr&eacute;paratoires litt&eacute;raires ;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">BAC scientifique.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Formation FLE (2017)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">DEA Master (1989)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Certification suppl&eacute;mentaire en anglais. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:151px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Exp&eacute;rience :</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nombre d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es d&rsquo;enseignement de la discipline dans le secondaire</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">20 ans au lyc&eacute;e de Chamb&eacute;ry</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">18 ans dans secondaire (plusieurs coll&egrave;ges et lyc&eacute;es en France). </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:151px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nombre d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es dans la section europ&eacute;enne</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4 ans au lyc&eacute;e de Chamb&eacute;ry, classes de Tle 2017 et 2018</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">7 ans dans un lyc&eacute;e au sud de la France en 1999-2001 et en 2003-2006 (classes de Seconde, Premi&egrave;re, Terminale);</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">8 ans dans un coll&egrave;ge &agrave; Chamb&eacute;ry&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:151px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Projets culturels</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Projet de l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement&nbsp;: voyages aux &Eacute;tats-Unis (New York) avec les &eacute;l&egrave;ves Tle EMILE en 2017 et 2018</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Projet ERASMUS en 1999 : visite de l&rsquo;Irlande autour du th&egrave;me &laquo;&nbsp;Les femmes en Europe&nbsp;&raquo;; </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">projets europ&eacute;ens avec les &eacute;l&egrave;ves: visites du Parlement Europ&eacute;en &agrave; Strasbourg, rencontre avec les eurod&eacute;put&eacute;s &agrave; Bruxelles.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139310876"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 2. Portrait socio-professionnel des professeures de LV et de DNL</span></b></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>2.2.3. Modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;enseignement</span></b> </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;enseignement de l&rsquo;histoire-g&eacute;ographie en anglais est assur&eacute; en demi-groupes et en classe enti&egrave;re. Chaque &eacute;l&egrave;ve b&eacute;n&eacute;ficie de 3 heures de cours EMILE par semaine (deux fois en classe enti&egrave;re et une fois en demi-groupe), tandis que chaque professeure dispense 2 heures par semaine (une fois avec la classe enti&egrave;re et une fois avec un des deux demi-groupes, voir Tableau 3). Cependant il ne s&rsquo;agit pas de co-interventions mais d&rsquo;interventions altern&eacute;es sur les m&ecirc;mes sujets ou des sujets encha&icirc;n&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les deux professeures assurent les cours s&eacute;par&eacute;ment au sein du m&ecirc;me groupe-classe mais elles ont aussi les demi-groupes de cette m&ecirc;me classe une fois par semaine Les deux professeures (anglais et histoire-g&eacute;ographie) assurent le m&ecirc;me projet p&eacute;dagogique et les deux enseignent l&rsquo;histoire-g&eacute;ographie (DNL) au sein de leurs cours EMILE respectifs, donc le niveau de leur collaboration est tr&egrave;s &eacute;lev&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:5px; border-collapse:collapse" width="609"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Semaine 1</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">mardi</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">10h10-11h05</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">LV</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Classe enti&egrave;re</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">jeudi </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">10h10-11h05</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">LV </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Demi-groupe 1</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Demi-groupe 2</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">jeudi</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">11h10 -12h05</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DNL</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Classe enti&egrave;re</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:609px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Semaine 2</span></span></i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> &ndash; les modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;enseignement sont les m&ecirc;mes sauf jeudi en premi&egrave;re heure (10h10-11h05) o&ugrave; deux demi-groupes sont altern&eacute;s (professeure de LV prend en charge un demi-groupe 2 et sa coll&egrave;gue de DNL a cours avec un demi-groupe 1).</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139310877"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 3. Modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;enseignement des cours EMILE en section europ&eacute;enne</span></b></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>2.2.4. R&eacute;colte de donn&eacute;es</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La r&eacute;colte des donn&eacute;es a &eacute;t&eacute; une &eacute;tape fastidieuse. Une partie des supports nous a &eacute;t&eacute; transmise directement par la professeure de langue sur une cl&eacute; USB. D&rsquo;autres documents ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute;s sur les sites Internet suivant les indications des professeures ou d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s les sources indiqu&eacute;es dans des enregistrements des cours. Ces informations repr&eacute;sentent 30 minutes de donn&eacute;es en plus de 16 heures d&rsquo;enregistrement des cours.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Au total 280 unit&eacute;s d&rsquo;informations ont &eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp;r&eacute;colt&eacute;es (voir Tableau 4 et Annexe 2):</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les documents<i> (inputs) </i>utilis&eacute;s ou cr&eacute;es par les professeures sur un support papier ou projet&eacute;s au tableau, les traces &eacute;crites des professeures au tableau;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les productions &eacute;crites et orales (<i>outputs</i>) des &eacute;l&egrave;ves&nbsp;: brouillons</span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, notes des cours, fiches hybrides</span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, &eacute;valuations du vocabulaire&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les enregistrements vid&eacute;o (observations) proprement dits&nbsp;: enregistrements des cours + auto-enregistrements faits en dehors de la classe.</span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Brouillon (production &eacute;crite d&rsquo;un &eacute;l&egrave;ve)&nbsp;est consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme &laquo;&nbsp;un &eacute;crit interm&eacute;diaire, entre un premier &eacute;crit et le suivant, entre un &eacute;l&egrave;ve et les autres, entre un oral, une lecture et un nouvel &eacute;crit, entre une exp&eacute;rience et sa mise &agrave; distance&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">(Benabbes, S., s.d.).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les fiches de travail con&ccedil;us par des professeurs express&eacute;ment pour des cours EMILE et qui contiennent des espaces d&eacute;di&eacute;s &agrave; la prise de notes, aux r&eacute;flexions personnelles, aux r&eacute;ponses des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <table class="Table" style="width:615px; margin-left:4px; border-collapse:collapse" width="615"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:65px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nombre de supports r&eacute;colt&eacute;s&nbsp;: <i>inputs</i> + <i>outputs</i>&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:65px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Input</span></i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">s (supports des professeures utilis&eacute;s en cours)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:336px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:65px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Intake</span></i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> + <i>Outputs</i> (productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;crits</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Oraux</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;crits</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Oraux</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">135&nbsp;: textes, images</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">6&nbsp;: audios</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">95&nbsp;: les notes prises en cours, les brouillons de pr&eacute;paration des t&acirc;ches p&eacute;dagogiques, dont 6 comportant des images (affiches).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">11&nbsp;: audio</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">10&nbsp;: notes au tableau</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">18&nbsp;: vid&eacute;os</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5&nbsp;: notes au tableau</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Total&nbsp;: 280</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">169 items</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:336px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">111 items</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139310882"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 4. Supports et productions r&eacute;colt&eacute;s en&nbsp;cours EMILE</span></span></span></b></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>2.2.5.</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> <b>Corpus CORINE-SEHEA </b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les donn&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; transcrites (donn&eacute;es orales &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des logiciels TAL Elan et Exmaralda, donn&eacute;es &eacute;crites &ndash; avec <i><span style="color:black">AbbyFinerReader11 </span></i><span style="color:black">ou transcrites manuellement</span>), puis le corpus multimodal <a name="_Hlk178675740">CORINE-SEHEA</a></span><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">a &eacute;t&eacute; constitu&eacute; pour permettre une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;analyses de l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en EMILE. Plus de cinquante mesures explorent l&#39;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; l&#39;aide des logiciels TAL&nbsp;: <i>Exmaralda, CLAN,</i> <i>AntConc, SketchEngine, UAM Corpus Tool, et Hyperbase</i>. Le travail de recherche &eacute;tudie dans quelle mesure un statut particulier de la langue en cours immersifs EMILE (&agrave; la fois un objet et un outil d&#39;apprentissage) modifie les conditions et les r&eacute;sultats de l&#39;apprentissage. Les analyses ouvrent des pistes de r&eacute;flexion sur l&#39;enjeu principal d&#39;EMILE&nbsp;: donner une place &agrave; la langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re en tant qu&#39;outil d&#39;acc&egrave;s aux connaissances de la DNL</span><a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> pour le plus grand nombre d&#39;&eacute;l&egrave;ves possible. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pr&eacute;sentation du corpus.</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Le corpus CORINE a &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;u dans le cadre d&rsquo;un projet dirig&eacute; par Monsieur John Osborne et r&eacute;alis&eacute; par Evgenia Bakaldina-Nicol &agrave; l&#39;Universit&eacute; Savoie-Mont Blanc, Chamb&eacute;ry. Les donn&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; recueillies entre septembre 2018 et mai 2019 au lyc&eacute;e g&eacute;n&eacute;ral et technologique de Chamb&eacute;ry, relevant du Minist&egrave;re de l&#39;&Eacute;ducation Nationale (MEN). Les enregistrements des cours se sont poursuivis jusqu&#39;en juin 2019, et la compilation du corpus s&#39;est d&eacute;roul&eacute;e d&#39;avril &agrave; d&eacute;cembre 2019, avec des modifications apport&eacute;es d&eacute;but 2021. Le corpus, r&eacute;dig&eacute; en anglais, comprend 119 069 mots. Le corpus est actuellement disponible &agrave; la demande &agrave; l&rsquo;adresse&nbsp;: eve.nicol83[at]gmail.com.</span> </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Caract&eacute;ristiques du corpus.</span></b> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le corpus CORINE est l&#39;un des premiers en France &agrave; retracer les interactions en classe dans l&#39;enseignement secondaire. Son caract&egrave;re unique r&eacute;side dans sa structuration, qui permet d&#39;observer l&#39;environnement linguistique de l&#39;input &agrave; l&#39;output (pour les d&eacute;finitions, voir le Glossaire &agrave; la fin de l&#39;article). Le corpus est organis&eacute; autour des s&eacute;quences p&eacute;dagogiques des cours EMILE, qui servent de fil conducteur pour structurer les donn&eacute;es. Ces s&eacute;quences, con&ccedil;ues initialement en 2017 par la professeure de langue vivante (LV) et adapt&eacute;es en collaboration avec la professeure de discipline non-linguistique (DNL), sont pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es sous forme de textes transcrits et balis&eacute;s en paragraphes.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ainsi, les donn&eacute;es du corpus sont facilement tra&ccedil;ables gr&acirc;ce aux m&eacute;tadonn&eacute;es : il est possible de voir le nom et la nature du document, sa position dans le corpus (la chronologie g&eacute;n&eacute;rale des cours dispens&eacute;s), l&rsquo;ordre du document dans la s&eacute;quence, la source des donn&eacute;es (professeur ou &eacute;l&egrave;ve), la date du cours, la mati&egrave;re (LV ou DNL), et le nom de la s&eacute;quence p&eacute;dagogique dans laquelle le contenu a &eacute;t&eacute; enseign&eacute; (voir Fig. 1). Le corpus tient &eacute;galement compte du nombre de fois qu&rsquo;un document a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute; en cours</span><a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="145" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image29.png" width="648" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>Figure 1. Extrait du corpus CORINE avec les m&eacute;tadonn&eacute;es</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comme le souligne Biber (2010), la repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute; est cruciale dans les &eacute;tudes de corpus. Le corpus EMILE, sans &ecirc;tre exhaustif, est repr&eacute;sentatif des cours en section europ&eacute;enne, couvrant un large &eacute;chantillon <i>d&rsquo;inputs</i> et <i>outputs</i> d&rsquo;apprentissage sur une ann&eacute;e scolaire. Pour garantir une bonne repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute;, toutes les sources documentaires utilis&eacute;es en classe europ&eacute;enne ont &eacute;t&eacute; incluses.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Limites du corpus CORINE&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- Le corpus ne comprend pas tous les supports p&eacute;dagogiques utilis&eacute;s dans les cours EMILE et ne prend pas en compte ce que les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont pu produire au dela des dates d&rsquo;observation et en dehors de la classe.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- Il n&rsquo;est pas exclusivement constitu&eacute; de textes complets, mais inclut parfois des fragments ou des &eacute;chantillons (comme des extraits de discours, traces &eacute;crites des cours).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Malgr&eacute; ces limites, le corpus reste tr&egrave;s repr&eacute;sentatif des cours interdisciplinaires en section europ&eacute;enne et offre une base solide pour l&#39;analyse des interactions et des productions linguistiques en classe.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans la section suivante nous pr&eacute;sentons l&rsquo;application des logiciels TAL dans la recherche en nous focalisant notamment sur le logiciel AntConc. Ensuite nous illustrons des fonctionnalit&eacute;s les plus saillantes de AntConc en les corroborant avec des exemples tir&eacute;s du corpus CORINE afin de r&eacute;pondre aux questions de notre &eacute;tude.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>3. Partie pratique </span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>3.1. L&rsquo;application des logiciels TAL dans la recherche</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans la recherche de la linguistique du corpus un double type d&rsquo;exploration de donn&eacute;es est possible &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des outils TAL : l&rsquo;approche montante (<i>corpus-based research</i>) et l&rsquo;approche descendante (<i>corpus-driven research</i>) (deux termes de Tognini-Bonelli, 2001). En effet, nous essayons d&rsquo;effectuer une exploration de plusieurs ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes, notamment ceux relatifs &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisation de la langue par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves en cours CORINE, dans une technique de compl&eacute;mentarit&eacute;, sorte de &laquo;&nbsp;chass&eacute;-crois&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;:&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:OpenSymbol">&bull; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;approche ascendante (<i>corpus-based</i>) est susceptible d&rsquo;apporter des r&eacute;ponses concernant certains aspects du concept CORINE &agrave; partir des questions pr&eacute;alablement pos&eacute;es sur les <span style="color:black">ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes</span> que nous voudrions &eacute;tudier. Par exemple, n</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">ous avons explor&eacute; dans quelle mesure <i>l&rsquo;input</i> des professeurs impacte <i>l&rsquo;output</i> des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire, tout ce que les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont retenu et utilis&eacute; dans leurs productions &ndash; la r&eacute;ception et la restitution des concepts cl&eacute;s en classe europ&eacute;enne</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:OpenSymbol">&bull; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;approche descendante (inductive ou hypoth&eacute;tico-d&eacute;ductive, &eacute;galement appel&eacute;e corpus-driven) permet d&rsquo;observer les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes r&eacute;currents et d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier les caract&eacute;ristiques linguistiques qui &eacute;manent du corpus CORINE sans qu&rsquo;une question pr&eacute;cise soit pr&eacute;alablement pos&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;avance. C&rsquo;est &agrave; partir de ces ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes observ&eacute;s dans le corpus que nous formulons une s&eacute;rie de questions pour &eacute;tudier un &eacute;l&eacute;ment souhait&eacute;, faisant ainsi du corpus le d&eacute;clencheur des connaissances. Par exemple, nous avons constat&eacute; que l&rsquo;utilisation du mot <i>government</i> par des &eacute;l&egrave;ves varie selon la discipline et le type de production (&eacute;crite ou orale). Cela soul&egrave;ve des questions concernant les d&eacute;fis potentiels dans l&rsquo;appropriation de <i>government</i>, notamment en ce qui concerne les collocations (NN) du mot dans l&rsquo;<i>input</i> des enseignants et dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comment explorer le corpus et quelles donn&eacute;es est-il possible d&rsquo;obtenir &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des logiciels TAL&nbsp;? Les productions sont susceptibles de faire &eacute;merger des informations utiles afin de comprendre l&rsquo;utilisation de la langue par les apprenants. Ces donn&eacute;es peuvent renseigner au sujet de la qualit&eacute; des productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, des mots et des expressions les plus fr&eacute;quents, mais aussi permettent d&rsquo;observer le taux de mots erron&eacute;s et leur fr&eacute;quence, les types d&rsquo;erreurs et leur &eacute;volution dans les &eacute;locutions des apprenants. </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Par exemple, nous nous sommes servis du logiciel <i>AntConc</i> dans l&rsquo;optique de faire &eacute;merger les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes les plus fr&eacute;quents et les plus sp&eacute;cifiques du corpus CORINE.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#2b1e1b">L&rsquo;annotation et le codage des erreurs imposent certaines contraintes dans le calcul du nombre de mots dans le corpus des apprenants.</span></span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#2b1e1b">Le calcul s&rsquo;av&egrave;re diff&eacute;rent en fonction du logiciel utilis&eacute;. <i>AntConc</i> compte le nombre des mots, tandis que d&rsquo;autres logiciels (comme <i>SketchEngine</i>) calcule les lemmes. Par ailleurs, le traitement des erreurs dans le corpus oral devient plus efficace gr&acirc;ce &agrave; <i>AntConc</i>, puisque ce logiciel est configurable pour ignorer les erreurs (ou toutes les informations inutiles) mises entre les balises (&lt; &gt;).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pr&eacute;sentation du corpus de comparaison LOCNESS.</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour &eacute;tablir une comparaison pertinente entre les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves fran&ccedil;ais et anglophones, le corpus LOCNESS (Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays</span><a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">) a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute; comme corpus de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence, ceci afin d&rsquo;observer si les &eacute;l&egrave;ves anglophones se servent du m&ecirc;me vocabulaire que les &eacute;l&egrave;ves fran&ccedil;ais. Le corpus LOCNESS, compos&eacute; d&#39;&eacute;crits d&#39;&eacute;l&egrave;ves britanniques de niveau &laquo; A Level &raquo; (fin d&#39;&eacute;tudes secondaires) et d&#39;&eacute;tudiants am&eacute;ricains et britanniques, totalise 324 304 mots. Afin de garantir une comparaison entre des corpus aux caract&eacute;ristiques similaires, seuls les &eacute;crits d&#39;&eacute;l&egrave;ves britanniques de &laquo; A Level &raquo; portant sur l&#39;histoire, la g&eacute;ographie et la politique ont &eacute;t&eacute; s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;s, ce qui r&eacute;duit le corpus de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; 74 586 mots. Pour but de comparaison, dans le corpus CORINE nous avons s&eacute;lectionn&eacute; uniquement des productions &eacute;crites des &eacute;l&egrave;ves totalisant 9 560 mots. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M&ecirc;me si des corpus de natifs anglophones dans un contexte scolaire sont rares, le corpus LOCNESS est pertinent pour notre &eacute;tude pour deux raisons. Premi&egrave;rement, il contient des th&egrave;mes sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s proches de ceux du corpus CORINE relevant du domaine d&rsquo;histoire</span><a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. Deuxi&egrave;mement, les apprenants des deux corpus ont un &acirc;ge et un statut social similaires, ce qui renforce la pertinence de cette comparaison. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>3.2 Logiciel AntConc</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>3.2.1. Pr&eacute;sentation du logiciel</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le logiciel <i>AntConc</i></span><a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute; par L.Anthony en 2002, depuis cet outil ne cesse pas de gagner de plus en plus le terrain dans la linguistique computationnelle, gr&acirc;ce notamment &agrave; son interface intuitive et &agrave; son aspect pratique dans la recherche. Si la toute premi&egrave;re version 1.0</span><a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> &eacute;tait un concordancier permettant de faire des requ&ecirc;tes de base (g&eacute;n&eacute;rer des lignes de concordance) dans un texte ou dans un groupe de textes, la derni&egrave;re version (<i>AntConc</i> 4.2.4, sortie en septembre 2023) est compl&egrave;te et sophistiqu&eacute;e. D&eacute;velopp&eacute; en langage <i>Python </i>et <i>Qte</i>, le programme est compatible avec des syst&egrave;mes <i>Windows, Linux</i> et <i>MacOS</i>, d&eacute;crit par l&rsquo;auteur comme &laquo;&nbsp;a multiplatform tool for carrying out corpus linguistics research, introducing corpus methods, and doing data-driven language learning&rdquo;.</span><a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="473" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image30.png" width="623" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>Figure 2. Interface du logiciel AntConc</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a><span style="color:black">3.2.2. Application du logiciel AntConc dans la recherche en linguistique de corpus </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Le logiciel <i>AntConc, </i>un des plus connus dans le domaine de la linguistique du corpus de par de ces fonctionnalit&eacute;s a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute; afin d&rsquo;explorer le corpus multimodal d&rsquo;apprenants CORINE.</span></span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous voudrions illustrer sept fonctionnalit&eacute;s de AntConc appliqu&eacute;es au traitement du corpus CORINE en lien avec des questions de notre recherche pos&eacute;es en introduction. Les analyses commencent par des requ&ecirc;tes d&rsquo;ordre g&eacute;n&eacute;ral (mots et expressions fr&eacute;quents, mots acad&eacute;miques, mots cl&eacute;s) et se focalisent par la suite sur un cas pr&eacute;cis en montrant comment le logiciel AntConc peut contribuer &agrave; mieux comprendre comment les &eacute;l&egrave;ves se servent de la langue et &agrave; caract&eacute;riser leur profil linguistique en cours d&rsquo;EMILE. La <i>Word List</i> et la <i>Keyword List</i> (corpus de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence LOCNESS) nous permettent d&rsquo;identifier les mots les plus fr&eacute;quents et sp&eacute;cifiques, tandis que les collocations et les <i>N-grams</i> r&eacute;v&egrave;lent les associations lexicales et les structures r&eacute;currentes utilis&eacute;es par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves. La fonction <i>Concordance</i> permet d&rsquo;examiner le contexte d&rsquo;utilisation des mots, et la visualisation topologique (<i>Plot</i>) montre leur r&eacute;partition dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. Enfin, la fonction <i>Clusters </i>permet d&rsquo;identifier les groupements de mots fr&eacute;quents, r&eacute;v&eacute;lant les structures discursives. Ces fonctions sont cruciales pour comprendre comment les &eacute;l&egrave;ves r&eacute;utilisent et adaptent le vocabulaire enseign&eacute;, tandis que d&#39;autres fonctions d&#39;<i>AntConc</i> n&#39;&eacute;taient pas directement pertinentes pour les questions sp&eacute;cifiques de notre recherche.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#111111">1) Nous commen&ccedil;ons par chercher des mots les plus fr&eacute;quemment utilis&eacute;s dans le corpus (fonction <i>Word list</i> dans AntConc).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">La figure 3 ne montre que les premiers 110 mots du corpus, ce qui permet d&rsquo;apercevoir la nature des mots employ&eacute;s par l&rsquo;ensemble de participants. La figure fait &eacute;merger des items tr&egrave;s vari&eacute;s&nbsp;: des substantifs, des verbes, des pronoms, des adjectifs, des mots grammaticaux, des conjonctions, des chiffres, ce qui refl&egrave;te des th&eacute;matiques abord&eacute;s en cours de la section europ&eacute;enne. </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cependant, les caract&eacute;ristiques langagi&egrave;res diff&egrave;rent consid&eacute;rablement selon que le corpus est g&eacute;n&eacute;ral ou sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;. Il est logique de supposer que le corpus sp&eacute;cialis&eacute; dans un domaine pr&eacute;cis aurait une tendance &agrave; avoir une charge lexicale plus importante dans ce champ concern&eacute; qu&rsquo;un corpus g&eacute;n&eacute;ral aux th&eacute;matiques plus vari&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="386" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image31.png" width="664" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a><span style="color:black">Figure 3. Cent dix mots les plus fr&eacute;quents du corpus CORINE</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2)<b>&nbsp; </b>Quelles sont les expressions les plus fr&eacute;quentes employ&eacute;es par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves&nbsp;? Nous </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">cherchons des s&eacute;quences des mots/N-grams (s&eacute;ries d&rsquo;unit&eacute;s&nbsp;: bigram = 2 unit&eacute;s, trigram = 3 unit&eacute;s, N-gram = n unit&eacute;s)</span><a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La recherche de N-grams est une fonction int&eacute;gr&eacute;e dans la plupart des concordanciers comme <i>AntConc</i> ou <i>SketchEngine</i>. Cependant, d&rsquo;un logiciel &agrave; l&rsquo;autre il existe des diff&eacute;rences sensibles quant au calcul du nombre d&rsquo;occurrences des N-grams. Ceci peut &ecirc;tre expliqu&eacute; par la fa&ccedil;on dont chaque logiciel prend en compte les expressions/combinaisons des mots du corpus. Selon que les combinaisons des mots sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;es en tant qu&rsquo;une variation de la m&ecirc;me expression ou comme une expression &agrave; part (donc un nouveau N-gram) leur nombre peut varier consid&eacute;rablement.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous avons utilis&eacute; la fonction de N-grams (<i>clusters</i>) de <i>AntConc </i>afin de </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">relever les &eacute;l&eacute;ments propres au discours oral dans des productions des apprenants. Figure 4 montre les &eacute;l&eacute;ments li&eacute;s au contenu des cours&nbsp;:&nbsp;de nombreuses dates (<i>in nineteen seventy, nineteen forty-five</i>), les noms des endroits g&eacute;ographiques qui appara&icirc;ssent en fonction des sujets &eacute;tudi&eacute;s en section europ&eacute;enne&nbsp;; la description et l&rsquo;analyse d&rsquo;une image (<i>we can see</i>)&nbsp;; les contraintes m&eacute;thodologiques &agrave; respecter&nbsp;: pr&eacute;senter la nature du document (<i>document is a&nbsp;; is a caricature</i>), structurer le discours (<i>the first document&nbsp;; the second document</i>).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Par ailleurs, la structure syntaxique du discours peut &ecirc;tre trac&eacute;e gr&acirc;ce aux mots fr&eacute;quents. Par exemple, le mot <i>that</i> (en tant que pronom relatif ou conjonction de subordination) indique l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute;s complexes par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves (<i>that the Cold [war]&nbsp;; that globalization is, that globalization can</i>), ou encore la pr&eacute;sence des propositions principales connect&eacute;es avec les conjonctions de coordination <i>and (and we can</i>) et de subordination <i>because</i>, ce dernier introduisant des propositions subordonn&eacute;es de cause (<i>because of the, because it&rsquo;s</i>).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="391" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image32.png" width="700" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>Figure 4. 3-grams les plus fr&eacute;quents dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;analyse des fr&eacute;quences lexicales et des N-grams dans le corpus CORINE r&eacute;v&egrave;le des &eacute;l&eacute;ments cl&eacute;s de l&rsquo;apprentissage linguistique en contexte EMILE. L&rsquo;exploration des mots les plus fr&eacute;quents (Figure 3) montre une grande vari&eacute;t&eacute; de cat&eacute;gories lexicales, refl&eacute;tant les th&eacute;matiques abord&eacute;es en classe, bien que le corpus, sp&eacute;cialis&eacute; en histoire-g&eacute;ographie, affiche une charge lexicale plus cibl&eacute;e que des corpus plus g&eacute;n&eacute;raux. D&#39;autre part, l&#39;analyse des N-grams (Figure 4) permet de rep&eacute;rer des expressions r&eacute;currentes li&eacute;es au contenu des cours, telles que des dates, des lieux g&eacute;ographiques, et des structures m&eacute;thodologiques, tout en mettant en &eacute;vidence l&#39;utilisation de constructions syntaxiques complexes par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves. Ces mots et les expressions les plus fr&eacute;quemment utilis&eacute;s sont repr&eacute;sentatifs des cours dans le contexte d&rsquo;EMILE, afin de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; une t&acirc;che p&eacute;dagogique demand&eacute;e.</span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces analyses montrent l&rsquo;impact de <i>l&rsquo;input</i> des enseignants sur les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves et soulignent la mani&egrave;re dont les apprenants s&rsquo;approprient des &eacute;l&eacute;ments linguistiques sp&eacute;cifiques au contexte EMILE.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">3) Chercher des mots acad&eacute;miques, fonction <i>Use specific list below</i>&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Afin de d&eacute;terminer le type du vocabulaire (g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, acad&eacute;mique ou sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;) utilis&eacute; par des apprenants dans leurs discours, nous avons compar&eacute;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> le corpus CORINE avec la liste des mots acad&eacute;miques (<i>AWL</i>)</span><a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> utilis&eacute;e en tant que liste de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence dans <i>AntConc</i></span><a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> pour voir si les mots acad&eacute;miques les plus fr&eacute;quents appara&icirc;ssent dans notre corpus d&rsquo;&eacute;tude.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="389" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image33.png" width="644" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a><span style="color:black">Figure 5. Quatre-vingt mots acad&eacute;miques les plus fr&eacute;quents du corpus CORINE</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">AntConc</span></span></i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> a relev&eacute; 327 types de mots et 4 001 occurrences de mots acad&eacute;miques (<i>word tokens</i>) dans le corpus CORINE. La </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">figure<span style="color:black"> 5 pr&eacute;sente les premiers quatre-vingt d&rsquo;entre eux (ayant la fr&eacute;quence la plus importante). Les r&eacute;sultats affich&eacute;s mettent en avant plusieurs choses. Premi&egrave;rement, une grande majorit&eacute; des mots acad&eacute;miques sont des substantifs du champ s&eacute;mantique socio-economique&nbsp;: <i>labour, policy, culture, welfare, economy, community, job, currency, income, decline, infrastructure</i>, etc. Ensuite, le champ s&eacute;mantique &agrave; connotation politique et militaire est aussi repr&eacute;sent&eacute; par des substantifs et des adjectifs comme&nbsp;: <i>nuclear, conflict, military, revolution, ideology. </i>Les verbes acad&eacute;miques les plus fr&eacute;quents sont&nbsp;: <i>created, consume, contribute, remove, invest. </i>Les mots comme<i> process, debate et access </i>n&eacute;cessitent une v&eacute;rification au cas par cas, car ils peuvent comprendre plusieurs parties de discours (les verbes et les substantifs) en m&ecirc;me temps.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Outre ces mots qui rel&egrave;vent du contenu des cours, nous trouvons aussi les mots propres &agrave; la didactique, comme <i>debate, document</i></span></span><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> :</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">des consignes comprises dans les titres des supports&nbsp;: <i>Reading comprehension, oral debate</i><b>&nbsp;; </b>&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">des consignes des professeures &agrave; l&rsquo;oral&nbsp;: <i>Make a debate with your neigbour&nbsp;; You just look at the document and try to answer the question&nbsp;; And now focus on the document entitled&hellip;;</i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">la m&eacute;thodologie de l&rsquo;analyse des supports appliqu&eacute;e par des &eacute;l&egrave;ves lors des productions<b>&nbsp;</b><i>: The second document describes a man who works...</i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Globalement nous constatons que les mots acad&eacute;miques dont la fr&eacute;quence est importante sont tr&egrave;s peu nombreux. Au-del&agrave; de l&rsquo;adjectif <i>major</i> &agrave; la dix-septi&egrave;me position dans le corpus la fr&eacute;quence de toutes les unit&eacute;s descend en dessous de cinquante occurrences. Ceci laisse penser que le nombre de mots acad&eacute;miques du corpus CORINE est relativement bas, ce qui indique &agrave; son tour que le vocabulaire des cours observ&eacute;s est probablement hautement sp&eacute;cifique.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#111111">4)&nbsp; Chercher des mots cl&eacute;s, fonction <em>key words</em></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Les mots cl&eacute;s qui &eacute;mergent dans le corpus CORINE par rapport au corpus de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence <i>LOCNESS </i>(Fig.6) renvoient aux contextes particuliers de leurs emplois. Plus particuli&egrave;rement, nous pouvons acc&eacute;der au champ didactique et tracer les th&egrave;mes sp&eacute;cifiques abord&eacute;s en cours, comme <i>The Welfare State, Trade Unions and miners&rsquo; strikes, The nationalisation of industries, Political party, Economic crisis, wages and employment</i>, etc. Dans un sens plus large ce lexique est le reflet des programmes d&rsquo;enseignement propres aux sections europ&eacute;ennes dans le secondaire en France. Par ailleurs, la pr&eacute;sence tr&egrave;s faible des mots acad&eacute;miques laisse sugg&eacute;rer que la place la plus importante est occup&eacute;e par un vocabulaire plus cibl&eacute;, hypoth&egrave;se qui sera confirm&eacute;e par des analyses suppl&eacute;mentaires du corpus.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="455" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image34.png" width="661" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a><span style="color:#111111">Figure 6.</span></span></b> <b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cinquante mots cl&eacute;s relev&eacute;s dans le corpus &eacute;crit des &eacute;l&egrave;ves CORINE (corpus de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence LOCNESS)</span></span></b><a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En conclusion, les analyses des fr&eacute;quences lexicales, des N-grams, des mots acad&eacute;miques et des mots cl&eacute;s dans le corpus CORINE r&eacute;v&egrave;lent des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s importantes du vocabulaire utilis&eacute; en contexte EMILE, ainsi que des caract&eacute;ristiques marquantes de l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tout d&rsquo;abord, l&rsquo;analyse des mots les plus fr&eacute;quents et des N-grams met en lumi&egrave;re un vocabulaire vari&eacute;, incluant &agrave; la fois des mots grammaticaux et des termes propres aux th&eacute;matiques abord&eacute;es en cours, tels que des noms de lieux g&eacute;ographiques ou des dates historiques. Ces expressions r&eacute;currentes, souvent li&eacute;es aux contenus p&eacute;dagogiques, d&eacute;montrent l&rsquo;appropriation du lexique enseign&eacute; en classe, bien que la structure syntaxique reste relativement complexe chez les &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;analyse des mots acad&eacute;miques montre une pr&eacute;sence limit&eacute;e de ce type de vocabulaire dans le corpus, sugg&eacute;rant que les cours EMILE observ&eacute;s utilisent un lexique plus sp&eacute;cifique et contextualis&eacute;, orient&eacute; autour des th&eacute;matiques socio-&eacute;conomiques et politiques abord&eacute;es en section europ&eacute;enne. Les substantifs li&eacute;s &agrave; ces champs (ex. <i>policy, labour, economy</i>) pr&eacute;dominent, tandis que les verbes acad&eacute;miques sont rares, ce qui souligne une focalisation sur des concepts et termes sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enfin, les mots cl&eacute;s extraits en comparaison avec le corpus LOCNESS refl&egrave;tent le contenu didactique et les th&egrave;mes abord&eacute;s en section europ&eacute;enne, confirmant le caract&egrave;re sp&eacute;cifique et sp&eacute;cialis&eacute; du lexique enseign&eacute; dans ces classes. Ces analyses montrent que l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves est marqu&eacute;e par un vocabulaire th&eacute;matique et cibl&eacute;, mais demeure en d&eacute;veloppement sur le plan de la richesse lexicale acad&eacute;mique, ce qui refl&egrave;te &agrave; la fois les apports de l&rsquo;input des enseignants et les limitations des productions des apprenants.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Recherches sp&eacute;cifiques. Cas particulier du mot &laquo;&nbsp;government&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans cette sous-partie, nous souhaitons montrer comment l&rsquo;utilisation du logiciel AntConc permet de suivre l&rsquo;appropriation du mot <i>government</i> des <em>inputs </em>(enseignants) aux <em>outputs</em> (productions d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves). Bien que <i>government</i> ne soit pas le mot le plus fr&eacute;quent du corpus CORINE (avec 233 occurrences, 66&egrave;me position dans la liste), il se classe parmi les six substantifs les plus couramment employ&eacute;s par les deux enseignants de LV et de DNL ET repris par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves dans leurs productions :<i> people (fr&eacute;quence 343), war (f.323), state (f.182), government (f.169) </i>et<i> UK (f.154) </i>(la&nbsp;fr&eacute;quence indique le nombre de fois que le mot a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute; par les deux professeurs ensemble dans leurs discours<i>)</i>. Ainsi le mot <i>government </i>constitue un excellent point d&rsquo;entr&eacute;e pour &eacute;tudier plus en profondeur l&rsquo;acquisition et l&rsquo;utilisation du vocabulaire en contexte EMILE allant de <i>l&rsquo;input</i> vers <i>l&rsquo;output</i>. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5) Chercher un mot dans un texte. Cette s&eacute;rie des requ&ecirc;tes s&rsquo;av&egrave;rent tr&egrave;s utiles pour r&eacute;pondre aux questions de notre recherche en terme d&rsquo;acquisition et d&rsquo;utilisation du lexique en cours EMILE&nbsp;: la recherche d&rsquo;un mot du corpus (ici&nbsp;: <i>government</i>) utilis&eacute; tout seul et/ou en collocation avec d&rsquo;autres mots, sa forme&nbsp;(nom, g&eacute;rondif, aspect verbal, etc.), chercher un contexte de son &eacute;nonciation donn&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;origine par les professeurs, puis tracer des modifications &eacute;ventuelles dans l&rsquo;emploi de ce mot par des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">a. Compl&eacute;ter des requ&ecirc;tes simples afin d&rsquo;effectuer des recherches plus avanc&eacute;es en utilisant la fonction <i>wordcard/joker</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le joker &laquo;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&raquo; est utile pour la recherche des formes de verbes&nbsp;(p.ex.&nbsp;<i>gov*</i>&nbsp; <i>= governs, governed)</i>;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le joker &laquo;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&raquo; permet de chercher z&eacute;ro ou un signe apr&egrave;s le joker&nbsp;(p.ex. &nbsp;<i>government+</i>&nbsp; = <i>government agreed)</i>;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le joker &laquo;&nbsp;@&nbsp;&raquo; fait des recherches qui portent sur un mot entier : (p.ex.&nbsp;<i>the @ government = the British government, the new government</i>&hellip;)&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">b.&nbsp; Utiliser les expressions r&eacute;guli&egrave;res&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">chercher tous les mots qui commencent par une s&eacute;quence souhait&eacute;e&nbsp;: p.ex. <b>b</b>gov = <i>government</i>;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">chercher tous les mots qui se terminent par une s&eacute;quence souhait&eacute;e&nbsp;: p.ex.&nbsp; ent<b>b = </b><i><span style="color:black">government, contentment</span></i><span style="color:black">, <i>document</i></span> ;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">chercher des mots qui contiennent des s&eacute;quences souhait&eacute;es, p.ex. tous les mots qui commencent par &laquo;&nbsp;n&nbsp;&raquo; et accessoirement qui contiennent &laquo;&nbsp;a&nbsp;&raquo; et/ou &laquo;&nbsp;t&nbsp;&raquo;, et/ou &laquo;&nbsp;s&nbsp;&raquo; (p.ex. <b>b</b>n[ats]= <i>nationality, names, name, nature, nationhood</i>)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le motif [ ] va chercher (tous, ou un des) caract&egrave;res qui se trouvent entre les crochets, p.ex. [cha]).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">c.&nbsp; Utiliser des mots cibl&eacute;s pour des recherches avanc&eacute;es dans un texte avec la fonction <i>Use search term from list below</i>, ou encore&nbsp;<i>Use context words and horizons</i> (cliquer sur le champ <i>Advanced</i>&nbsp;, saisir le mot recherch&eacute;, cliquer sur <i>Apply</i>&nbsp; pour valider le choix;&nbsp; <i>AntConc</i> va chercher les mots indiqu&eacute;s cinq caract&egrave;res &agrave; gauche et/ou &agrave; droite &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; des mots choisis dans la premi&egrave;re fonction).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dans quelle mesure les mots commun&eacute;ment employ&eacute;s par les professeures dans leurs cours (LV et DNL) sont-ils r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves&nbsp;? La fonctionnalit&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;plot&nbsp;&raquo; de AntConc abord&eacute;e en (6) nous donne les &eacute;l&eacute;ments de r&eacute;ponse. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">6)&nbsp; Chercher des substantifs fr&eacute;quents repris par des apprenants dans leurs productions, fonctionnalit&eacute;&nbsp;<i>plot</i></span></span><a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&laquo;&nbsp;visualisation topologique&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. <i>AntConc</i> affiche les r&eacute;sultats de recherche en concordance sous forme de &laquo;&nbsp;code-barres &raquo;, avec la longueur du texte (calcul&eacute;e en <i>chars)</i> normalis&eacute;e par rapport &agrave; la largeur de la barre, chaque occurrence (<i>hit</i>) est repr&eacute;sent&eacute;e par une ligne verticale &agrave; l&#39;int&eacute;rieur de la barre. La fonction <i>plot </i>permet de visualiser la position des r&eacute;sultats de recherche dans les textes cibles.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">La fonction nous permet d&rsquo;observer l&rsquo;appropriation lexicale par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves en cours interdisciplinaires. </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Par exemple, nous avons constat&eacute; que l&rsquo;utilisation du mot sp&eacute;cifique <i>government</i> par des &eacute;l&egrave;ves varie selon la discipline et le type de production (&eacute;crite ou orale). Cela soul&egrave;ve des questions (cf.corpus-driven research) concernant les d&eacute;fis potentiels dans l&rsquo;appropriation de <i>government</i>, notamment en ce qui concerne les collocations (NN) du mot dans l&rsquo;<i>input</i> des enseignants et dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Nous avons observ&eacute; si les &eacute;l&egrave;ves utilisent plus souvent dans leurs productions le lexique donn&eacute; par la professeure de langue ou par la professeure d&rsquo;histoire-g&eacute;ographie. L&rsquo;analyse est effectu&eacute;e en tra&ccedil;ant l&rsquo;origine du mot gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la fonction de <i>AntConc</i> &laquo;&nbsp;visualisation topologique&nbsp;&raquo; (<i>plot</i>) ainsi qu&rsquo;en observant les collocations du mot (fonction <i>Collocations</i>) et des t&acirc;ches p&eacute;dagogiques dans les cours o&ugrave; les deux enseignantes aborde le m&ecirc;me th&egrave;me. </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cela permet de voir si le contexte d&rsquo;utilisation du mot change de <i>l&rsquo;input </i>&agrave; <i>l&rsquo;output,</i> ce qui contribuera &agrave; notre r&eacute;flexion sur les conditions sp&eacute;cifiques de l&rsquo;apprentissage et sur la complexit&eacute; du dispositif EMILE.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="156" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image35.png" width="690" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a name="Introduction"></a>Figure 7.</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> <b>Distribution du mot fr&eacute;quent <i>government</i> dans le corpus des &eacute;l&egrave;ves</b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le mot fr&eacute;quent <i>government</i> figure dans <i>l&rsquo;output</i> des &eacute;l&egrave;ves est commun&eacute;ment employ&eacute; par les deux professeures. </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comment ce mot est-il employ&eacute; dans les productions des apprenants&nbsp;?</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Le substantif est employ&eacute; 64 fois dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves (Fig. 7).</span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s la figure 7 ce substantif est le plus souvent utilis&eacute; par des &eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; l&rsquo;oral en cours d&rsquo;histoire-g&eacute;ographie (26 occurrences), suivi dans l&rsquo;ordre d&eacute;croissant de fr&eacute;quence par le sous-corpus &eacute;crit, &eacute;galement en cours de DNL (15 occurrences), puis en cours de langue &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit (13 occurrences) et &agrave; l&rsquo;oral (10 occurrences).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M&ecirc;me si les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont recours au mot <i>government</i> commun&eacute;ment utilis&eacute; dans les deux disciplines, sa fr&eacute;quence totale en DNL reste sup&eacute;rieure apr&egrave;s relativisation&nbsp;: 25,6 occurrences dans les productions en DNL versus 16,7 en LV pour 10 000 mots (soit 21&nbsp;% d&rsquo;&eacute;cart entre deux disciplines)</span></span><a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">. Par ailleurs, l&rsquo;utilisation de ce mot est presque deux fois plus fr&eacute;quente &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit que &agrave; l&rsquo;oral quelle que soit la discipline. Une analyse plus approfondie montre que le substantif <i>government</i> est repris par des &eacute;l&egrave;ves dans les deux disciplines mais <i>l&rsquo;output </i>se fait dans un degr&eacute; variable selon la discipline et le type de production dans les sous-corpus&nbsp;: &eacute;crit ou oral. </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La question se pose, par cons&eacute;quent, par rapport &agrave; un autre d&eacute;fi possible&nbsp;dans l&rsquo;appropriation de <i>government</i> : les collocations du mot (<span style="color:black">NN)</span> dans<i> l&rsquo;input</i> des professeures et dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves abord&eacute;e en (7).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">7)&nbsp; Chercher des collocations avec <i>government (NN), </i>fonction<i> Collocations</i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous allons puiser plus profond&eacute;ment dans l&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;appropriation du mot <i>government</i> en classe EMILE. En anglais il est souvent employ&eacute; dans des compositions nominales NN (<i>government policy,</i> etc.). Des mod&egrave;les de cet usage sont-ils pr&eacute;sents dans l&#39;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">input</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, le mod&egrave;le est-il repris par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves&nbsp;? <span style="color:black">Nous avons observ&eacute; quatre types de collocations dans les<i> inputs </i>donn&eacute;s par les professeures&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>government intervention, government polic*</i>&nbsp;(<i>policy/policies</i>), </span><i>inter-government organisation,&nbsp;government ministers.</i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La Figure 8 illustre une collocation de type NN (&laquo; government policies &raquo;) dans une production d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve en cours de DNL, issue de l&#39;exercice sur la mondialisation et les entreprises transnationales (&laquo; Globalisation and TNCs &raquo;). Cette production met en &eacute;vidence la r&eacute;utilisation du lexique enseign&eacute;, mais aussi la mani&egrave;re dont les &eacute;l&egrave;ves modifient ou adaptent les structures linguistiques apprises &agrave; partir des discours des professeurs. </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans les productions<i> (outputs)</i> des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, une seule collocation autour de <i>government </i>(NN) a &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute;e : <i>government policies</i> (dans l&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute;&nbsp;: &quot;<i>There are many factors attracting TNCs to a country, &lt;err&gt; cheap raw materials, cheap labour supply, good transport, access to markets where the goods are sold, friendly <b>government policies&quot;</b>).</i> </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cet exemple montre concr&egrave;tement comment les apprenants se servent des <i>inputs</i> re&ccedil;us et comment ces collocations (NN) apparaissent dans leurs productions. En ce sens, l&rsquo;exemple permet de souligner le d&eacute;fi d&rsquo;appropriation du lexique enseign&eacute;, en particulier lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de collocations nominales courantes, et de montrer l&#39;impact des cours interdisciplinaires EMILE sur la production linguistique des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="357" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image36.png" width="678" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#111111">Figure 8. Collocation de type NN dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#111111">Pour compl&eacute;ter cette analyse, nous avons &eacute;galement &eacute;tudi&eacute; l&#39;usage de l&#39;abr&eacute;viation <i>gvt</i> (abr&eacute;viation de <i>government</i>) dans les productions &eacute;crites des &eacute;l&egrave;ves (Fig.9). Dans leurs brouillons, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves abr&egrave;gent souvent des substantifs pour noter rapidement l&rsquo;essentiel. Pendant la transcription, nous avons remplac&eacute; ces abr&eacute;viations par le mot complet <em>government </em>afin de standardiser les donn&eacute;es, permettant ainsi de les analyser avec <i>AntConc.</i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="179" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image37.png" width="888" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Fig.9. Collocations avec &laquo;&nbsp;gvt&nbsp;&raquo; dans des productions &eacute;crites des &eacute;l&egrave;ves</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Nous avons obtenu ds GN (groups nominaux) suivants: <i>efficient government, local government, the Vietnamese government </i>ce qui met en &eacute;vidence l&#39;appropriation partielle du lexique enseign&eacute; dans le cadre des cours EMILE. Cette observation r&eacute;v&egrave;le que, bien que les &eacute;l&egrave;ves abr&egrave;gent souvent le mot <i>government</i> dans leurs brouillons, ils continuent de reproduire des structures nominales complexes et pertinentes, d&eacute;montrant ainsi une certaine ma&icirc;trise du lexique sp&eacute;cialis&eacute; dans un contexte historique et g&eacute;opolitique.<i> </i>Ceci sugg&egrave;re la r&eacute;utilisation de plus en plus fr&eacute;quente et diversifi&eacute;e des collocations nominales enseign&eacute;es, bien que cette appropriation demeure partielle et parfois modifi&eacute;e en fonction du contexte.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc1393005001"></a><a name="_Toc139300500"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4 Discussion </span></b></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les analyses men&eacute;es sur le corpus CORINE &agrave; l&#39;aide du logiciel AntConc apportent des r&eacute;ponses pr&eacute;cises aux questions de recherche sur l&#39;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en contexte EMILE. Plusieurs aspects ont &eacute;t&eacute; explor&eacute;s pour comprendre les processus d&#39;apprentissage linguistique, en particulier la nature du lexique utilis&eacute;, sa fr&eacute;quence et distribution selon les disciplines (LV et DNL), et la mani&egrave;re dont les &eacute;l&egrave;ves r&eacute;utilisent les mots enseign&eacute;s dans des contextes vari&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Appropriation du lexique et interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le vocabulaire utilis&eacute; dans les cours EMILE est caract&eacute;ris&eacute; comme majoritairement sp&eacute;cialis&eacute; (analyse valid&eacute;e par l&rsquo;extraction des mots cl&eacute;s avec le corpus de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence des natifs anglophones LOCNESS) et li&eacute; aux th&eacute;matiques abord&eacute;es, telles que l&#39;histoire, la g&eacute;ographie, l&#39;&eacute;conomie et la politique (constat fait par d&rsquo;autres chercheurs, voir par ex.Tran Tat, 2022). </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L<i>&#39;input</i> des enseignants joue un r&ocirc;le crucial dans l&#39;acquisition du vocabulaire sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;. Parmi les onze substantifs commun&eacute;ment utilis&eacute;s par les deux enseignants, dix apparaissent dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, Par exemple, des termes comme <i>government </i>(233 occurrences), <i>state</i> (182 occurrences),<i> policy</i> et <i>economy</i> sont couramment utilis&eacute;s, refl&eacute;tant des concepts centraux dans l&#39;apprentissage des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. Sur les 43 substantifs employ&eacute;s par les enseignants</span><a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, 27 (soit 63 %) se retrouvent dans les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, ce qui d&eacute;montre la place centrale que le vocabulaire occupe dans les cours EMILE en soulignant l&rsquo;impact de <i>l&rsquo;input </i>cumulatif sur l&rsquo;apprentissage.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;exemple du mot <i>government</i> montre que les &eacute;l&egrave;ves r&eacute;utilisent le vocabulaire dans des contextes similaires &agrave; ceux des enseignants, mais aussi dans des contextes plus cr&eacute;atifs et adapt&eacute;s aux exigences des t&acirc;ches scolaires. Par exemple, des collocations comme <i>government policies</i> sont r&eacute;employ&eacute;es dans les productions &eacute;crites des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, bien que des groupes nominaux telles que <i>efficient government</i> ou <i>local government</i> apparaissent &eacute;galement, t&eacute;moignant d&rsquo;une appropriation progressive et flexible. Cette utilisation diversifi&eacute;e montre que les &eacute;l&egrave;ves commencent &agrave; int&eacute;grer le vocabulaire enseign&eacute; tout en l&#39;adaptant aux besoins pratiques, comme la prise de notes rapide, o&ugrave; des abr&eacute;viations comme <i>gvt</i>, couramment employ&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;apprentissage</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les professeures recourent &agrave; de multiples strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;enseignement afin de faciliter l&rsquo;appropriation du lexique. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1. Transfert des aspects pragmatiques du langage. Les professeures en EMILE parviennent &agrave; stimuler la prise de parole des &eacute;l&egrave;ves malgr&eacute; les moyens limit&eacute;s d&rsquo;expression en L2 (gestion de l&rsquo;approximation linguistique, terme de Gajo) gr&acirc;ce notamment &agrave; l&rsquo;interaction dont le taux est tr&egrave;s &eacute;lev&eacute; dans les deux disciplines observ&eacute;es (LV et DNL). Des productions orales de &laquo; mise en situation &raquo; (comp&eacute;tence pragmatique) s&rsquo;organisent souvent en forme de dialogues. Des t&acirc;ches finales et interm&eacute;diaires de production orale mettent l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve dans un contexte de simulation proche de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; en lien avec le sujet &eacute;tudi&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2. Transfert des strat&eacute;gies m&eacute;tacognitives et m&eacute;talinguistiques, notamment en apprentissage du vocabulaire (m&eacute;morisations, exercices &agrave; trous, rep&eacute;rages des mots cl&eacute;s) et de l&rsquo;analyse des supports (capacit&eacute; de structurer et d&rsquo;organiser des id&eacute;es : &laquo; Compare and contrast the documents &raquo;). </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces strat&eacute;gies &ndash; jeux de r&ocirc;le, simulations, missions &agrave; accomplir &ndash; permettent d&rsquo;approcher les situations de la vie r&eacute;elle &eacute;voqu&eacute;es par Coyle: &laquo; successful language learning can be achieved when people have the opportunity to receive instruction, and at the same time experience real-life situations in which they can acquire the langage more naturalistically &raquo; (Coyle, 2010, p.11).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces observations r&eacute;v&egrave;lent que le processus d&#39;apprentissage en EMILE est caract&eacute;ris&eacute; par une appropriation partielle mais croissante du vocabulaire sp&eacute;cialis&eacute; et des collocations enseign&eacute;es. Les &eacute;l&egrave;ves r&eacute;utilisent fr&eacute;quemment le lexique des enseignants, en particulier dans les disciplines DNL, tout en montrant des signes d&#39;adaptation et de cr&eacute;ativit&eacute;, notamment dans les productions &eacute;crites. Cette appropriation est renforc&eacute;e par les interactions fr&eacute;quentes entre enseignants et &eacute;l&egrave;ves, ainsi que par les strat&eacute;gies p&eacute;dagogiques utilis&eacute;es, comme les jeux de r&ocirc;le et les simulations, qui favorisent un apprentissage actif du vocabulaire.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En somme, l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en cours EMILE se caract&eacute;rise par une r&eacute;utilisation du vocabulaire sp&eacute;cifique enseign&eacute;, mais aussi par des adaptations cr&eacute;atives en forme de nouveau <i>lexical blocks</i> (terme de Biber, 2006) qui t&eacute;moignent de leur progression dans l&#39;appropriation des structures lexicales complexes. Les expressions et les mots utilis&eacute;s sont indissociables de la th&eacute;matique abord&eacute;e, et de ce fait tr&egrave;s repr&eacute;sentatifs des cours immersifs EMILE. Par ailleurs, l<i>&#39;input</i> cumulatif des enseignants et <i>l&#39;output</i> des &eacute;l&egrave;ves sont &eacute;troitement li&eacute;s, formant un cycle d&#39;apprentissage o&ugrave; les productions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves deviennent elles-m&ecirc;mes un <i>input</i> pour leurs pairs.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300456"></a><a name="_Toc139300457"></a><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5. Conclusion</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les analyses effectu&eacute;es avec <i>AntConc</i> montrent &agrave; la fois les avantages et les limites de cet outil dans l&rsquo;exploration d&rsquo;un corpus multimodal CORINE en linguistique appliqu&eacute;e. AntConc se distingue par ses fonctionnalit&eacute;s efficaces pour analyser des &eacute;l&eacute;ments linguistiques comme les fr&eacute;quences lexicales, les collocations et les concordances, permettant de mieux comprendre l&rsquo;interlangue des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en contexte EMILE (enseignement de mati&egrave;res par int&eacute;gration d&#39;une langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re). Cet outil facilite le suivi des items lexicaux et du vocabulaire sp&eacute;cialis&eacute; fr&eacute;quemment utilis&eacute;s dans des contextes th&eacute;matiques sp&eacute;cifiques, tels que l&rsquo;histoire et la g&eacute;ographie, offrant des &eacute;clairages pr&eacute;cieux sur l&#39;acquisition lexicale des &eacute;l&egrave;ves dans ces domaines. <span style="color:#111111">Enfin, <i>AntConc</i> est tr&egrave;s utile lors de traitement des erreurs dans le corpus, car l&rsquo;information que l&rsquo;on ne souhaite pas afficher (par ex. les mots non-norm&eacute;s, marqueurs d&rsquo;h&eacute;sitations, etc.) peut &ecirc;tre mise entre les balises, ainsi ces informations ne seront pas prises en compte par <i>AntConc</i> lors d&rsquo;un calcul des mots ou de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des lignes de concordance.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cependant, <i>AntConc</i> pr&eacute;sente aussi des limites dans la gestion de donn&eacute;es multimodales complexes, car il ne prend en charge que des formats texte basiques (TXT, <span style="color:black">HTML ou XML)</span>, n&eacute;cessitant ainsi des &eacute;tapes de pr&eacute;traitement suppl&eacute;mentaires pour rendre compatibles divers types de donn&eacute;es. L<span style="color:black">e fait de doubler les entr&eacute;es textuelles - mettre les informations non-souhait&eacute;es (ex.erreurs) entre les balises toute en proposant la version corrig&eacute;e juste apr&egrave;s - influe sur la taille du corpus et peut &eacute;ventuellement fausser la comptabilisation des donn&eacute;es du corpus trait&eacute; par d&rsquo;autres logiciels.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Malgr&eacute; ces d&eacute;fis, <i>AntConc</i> reste une ressource pr&eacute;cieuse pour la recherche en linguistique appliqu&eacute;e, soutenant le d&eacute;veloppement de m&eacute;thodologies affin&eacute;es pour les &eacute;tudes de corpus sur l&rsquo;interlangue. Ses fonctions analytiques directes fournissent des donn&eacute;es essentielles pour comprendre l&rsquo;adaptation lexicale et la cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; linguistique dans l&#39;acquisition de langues en contexte disciplinaire, r&eacute;pondant ainsi aux besoins croissants de la linguistique num&eacute;rique et des &eacute;tudes de corpus.<b> </b>Nous esp&eacute;rons par notre travail participer activement &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion n&eacute;cessaire concernant l&rsquo;utilisation du corpus des apprenants dans le but d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier le fonctionnement de la langue, ainsi que pour la formation possible des professeurs qui travaillent avec la textom&eacute;trie. Le champ de recherche en lien avec notre corpus d&rsquo;&eacute;tude reste ouvert, pour contribuer &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion sur les usages des corpus de linguistique en France, mais aussi sur l&rsquo;avenir du dispositif EMILE, tout en prenant en compte sa sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; et son atout majeur &ndash; la langue comme un moyen d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s aux connaissances de la DNL.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Glossaire</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">NN</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (Noun-Noun Collocation) : Terme utilis&eacute; en linguistique pour d&eacute;signer des collocations o&ugrave; deux noms (substantifs) sont associ&eacute;s dans une expression. Par exemple : <i>government policy</i>.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">DNL</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (Discipline Non-Linguistique) : R&eacute;f&egrave;re aux mati&egrave;res enseign&eacute;es en langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re dans le cadre de l&#39;EMILE, comme l&rsquo;histoire-g&eacute;ographie, qui ne sont pas des cours de langue mais qui sont enseign&eacute;es dans une langue autre que la langue maternelle des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">LV </span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Langue Vivante) : Terme d&eacute;signant les langues &eacute;trang&egrave;res enseign&eacute;es dans le cadre du syst&egrave;me scolaire. Dans le contexte EMILE, la LV correspond &agrave; la langue utilis&eacute;e pour enseigner une discipline non-linguistique.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">AWL</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (Academic Word List) : Liste des mots acad&eacute;miques les plus fr&eacute;quemment utilis&eacute;s dans des corpus acad&eacute;miques, utilis&eacute;e comme r&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour &eacute;valuer le niveau de sp&eacute;cialisation du vocabulaire des apprenants (Coxhead&nbsp;, 2002).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Items lexicaux</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> : Unit&eacute;s de vocabulaire (mots, expressions) que les apprenants doivent acqu&eacute;rir. Ils peuvent inclure des substantifs, des verbes, des adjectifs, ou des expressions sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; une discipline.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Mots</strong> <b>cl&eacute;s</b>: Mots qui sont particuli&egrave;rement fr&eacute;quents dans un corpus &eacute;tudi&eacute; par rapport &agrave; un corpus de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence, ce qui indique leur importance dans le contexte &eacute;tudi&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Champ didactique :</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Domaine d&rsquo;&eacute;tude qui s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse aux m&eacute;thodes et pratiques d&rsquo;enseignement, notamment comment une langue ou une discipline est enseign&eacute;e et apprise.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Discipline linguistique :</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Ensemble des m&eacute;thodes et approches utilis&eacute;es pour l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de la langue et du langage, comme la syntaxe, la s&eacute;mantique, la morphologie, etc.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Corpus-based research :</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Approche ascendante dans laquelle des questions pr&eacute;cises sont pos&eacute;es &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un corpus afin de v&eacute;rifier des hypoth&egrave;ses pr&eacute;d&eacute;finies.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Corpus-driven research :</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Approche descendante qui consiste &agrave; observer les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes linguistiques r&eacute;currents dans un corpus sans hypoth&egrave;ses pr&eacute;alables, permettant de g&eacute;n&eacute;rer de nouvelles questions de recherche.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Concordance :</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Fonctionnalit&eacute; d&rsquo;un logiciel TAL (Traitement Automatique de la Langue) qui permet de visualiser les occurrences d&rsquo;un mot ou d&rsquo;une expression dans un corpus et de les analyser dans leur contexte.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Collocations :</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Combinaisons de mots qui apparaissent fr&eacute;quemment ensemble dans un corpus, r&eacute;v&eacute;lant des associations linguistiques naturelles.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Lemmatisation :</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Processus qui consiste &agrave; regrouper les formes fl&eacute;chies d&rsquo;un mot sous sa forme de base ou radicale, facilitant l&rsquo;analyse linguistique.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">N-grams :</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> S&eacute;quences de N unit&eacute;s (mots, phrases) dans un corpus qui r&eacute;v&egrave;lent des structures linguistiques r&eacute;currentes. Un bigram est compos&eacute; de deux mots, un trigram de trois mots, et ainsi de suite.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Corpus</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;: <span style="color:black">un regroupement structur&eacute; de textes int&eacute;graux, document&eacute;s, &eacute;ventuellement enrichis par des &eacute;tiquetages, et rassembl&eacute;s&nbsp;: (i) de mani&egrave;re th&eacute;orique r&eacute;flexive en tenant compte des discours et des genres, et (ii) de mani&egrave;re pratique en vue d&rsquo;une gamme d&rsquo;applications. [&hellip;] Le corpus se r&eacute;sume &agrave; un &eacute;chantillon de la langue, un r&eacute;servoir d&rsquo;exemples ou d&rsquo;attestations</span> (Rastier, 2004)<i><span style="color:black">.</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"><a name="Les_renvois_à_des_références_bibliograph"></a><a name="Bibliographie">&nbsp;6. Bibliographie selective</a></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Anthony, L. 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Les &Eacute;ditions Didier, 2001.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><span style="background:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Corder, S. P. <i>Error analysis and interlanguage.</i> Oxford University Press, 1981.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dostie, G. et Lefeuvre, F. (&eacute;ds), (2017), <i>Lexique, grammaire, discours. 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(2018). Les marqueurs de reformulation form&eacute;s sur dire : exploration outill&eacute;e. </span><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Langages</span></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, (4), 17-34.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tognini-Bonelli, E. &ldquo;Corpus linguistics at work&rdquo;<i>. Studies in corpus linguistics</i>. </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">John Benjamins Publishing, n<span style="position:relative"><span style="top:-2.0pt">o</span></span>&nbsp;6, 2001.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk1062662471"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tran Tat, N. (2022). <i>Int&eacute;gration d&rsquo;une langue cible (cas de l&rsquo;anglais) et appropriation des savoirs disciplinaires en physique-chimie : co-construction d&rsquo;une s&eacute;quence autour de l&rsquo;effet de serre et du r&eacute;chauffement climatique en terminale scientifique</i>. [Th&egrave;se de doctorat. Physique [physics]. Universit&eacute; Paris Cit&eacute;. Fran&ccedil;ais. ffNNT : ff. fftel-03929908f].</span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tutin, A., Jaques, M-P., Kraif, O. et Hartwell, L. <i>Introduction &agrave; la linguistique de corpus.</i> [Cours en ligne de l&#39;UGA], s.d.URL&nbsp;: https://www.fun-mooc.fr/fr/cours/introduction-a-la-linguistique-de-corpus/.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quivy, M., et Garnier-Tardieu, C. <i>Glossaire de didactique de l&rsquo;anglais</i> (2e &eacute;d.). Ellipses, 2002.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Annexe 1. Statut des langues cibles enseign&eacute;s dans le cadre de l&rsquo;EMILE dans l&rsquo;enseignement primaire et/ou secondaire g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, 2015/2016 (Eurydice)</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="329" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image39.png" width="633" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Annexe 2. Sources d&rsquo;informations initiales, type et quantit&eacute; de donn&eacute;es obtenues</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:-3px; border-collapse:collapse" width="537"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:45px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:45px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Source d&rsquo;informations initiales</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:45px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Type de donn&eacute;es recueilli</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:168px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:45px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Donn&eacute;es obtenues</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(output des &eacute;l&egrave;ves)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:61px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;chantillon</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(19 &eacute;l&egrave;ves)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:61px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">enregistrements vid&eacute;os&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:61px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-trace &eacute;crite au tableau ;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-discours des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en classe&nbsp;: cours et &eacute;valuations (r&eacute;ponses, d&eacute;bats, discussions, monologues)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:168px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:61px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">productions &eacute;crites&nbsp;: 95</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Productions orales&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">16 heures de cours +</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">11 fichiers d&rsquo;auto-enregistrement&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:106px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:106px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">photographies&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:106px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-notes de cours (trace &eacute;crites) faites en classe&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-brouillons de pr&eacute;paration des t&acirc;ches p&eacute;dagogiques&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-fiches de travail &laquo;&nbsp;hybride&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-&eacute;valuations &eacute;crites (fiches de vocabulaire&nbsp;; affiches).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:30px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:30px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">enregistrements sonores</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:30px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-&eacute;valuations orales (auto-enregistrements hors classe)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk99882270"></a><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Annexe 3. <a name="_Hlk99650661">Fiche des enregistrements des cours EMILE</a></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><img height="857" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3376_32_image40.png" width="665" /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Toc139300493"></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Annexe 4. Chronologie de l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du projet.</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:4px; border-collapse:collapse" width="620"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&Eacute;TAPE</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">P&eacute;riode/date</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">D&eacute;tails</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Phase th&eacute;orique et m&eacute;thodologique</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">septembre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">septembre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">sep 2018 &ndash; jan 2019 </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">juillet-septembre 2018</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">septembre 2018</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">septembre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&eacute;laboration du projet de recherche&nbsp;; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">choix de la m&eacute;thodologie de recherche&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&eacute;tude de la litt&eacute;rature (th&eacute;orique et&nbsp; m&eacute;thodologique) au sujet d&rsquo;EMILE&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">recherche de l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">accord du proviseur/des professeurs&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">d</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">emande d&rsquo;une autorisation parentale d&rsquo;enregistrement de l&rsquo;image/de la voix des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Pr&eacute;paration et mise en place du projet</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">13 sep 2018</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">septembre 2018</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">oct &ndash; nov 2018 </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">sep 2018 -&nbsp; d&eacute;c 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">premier contact avec les enseignants sur place&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&eacute;tablissement des dates/s&eacute;ances d&rsquo;observation&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">conception des outils de r&eacute;colte des donn&eacute;es&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">questionnaires&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">interviews&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">choix des outils de traitement et d&rsquo;analyse des donn&eacute;es.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Phase pratique&nbsp;: recueil des donn&eacute;es, observation&nbsp; proprement dite</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">septembre 2018 &ndash; mai 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">d&eacute;cembre 2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">mars 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">mars et mai 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">observation des cours (cf. d&eacute;tails des s&eacute;ances&nbsp; observ&eacute;es ci-dessous)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">r&eacute;alisations des interviews&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">avec professeur de DNL&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">avec professeur de LV&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">administration des questionnaires&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">r&eacute;colte des productions &eacute;crites&nbsp;; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&eacute;valuations.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Validation de la m&eacute;thodologie de recherche</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">jan </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2019 &ndash; nov 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">validation interne, externe, du construit.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Phase de traitement et d&rsquo;analyse des donn&eacute;es obtenues </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">jan </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">2019 &ndash; nov 2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">jan 2019 - sep 2020</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">traitement des donn&eacute;es (transcription des mat&eacute;riaux, constitution du corpus de linguistique)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">analyses des donn&eacute;es obtenues (corpus, documents, interviews, questionnaires, enregistrements).</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Phase de pr&eacute;sentation, de validation, d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation et de discussion des r&eacute;sultats </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">jan 2021 &ndash; juin 2021</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2021</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">pr&eacute;sentation des r&eacute;sultats des analyses (des documents, des corpus, des interviews, des questionnaires)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">validation des r&eacute;sultats&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&eacute;valuation de l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; du dispositif EMILE;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">discussion des th&egrave;mes saillants du projet.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Phase de conclusion. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Finalisation du travail de recherche</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">jan 2021 &ndash; juin 2021</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">pr&eacute;sentation du bilan du travail et r&eacute;ponses aux&nbsp; questions/probl&eacute;matique de la recherche&nbsp;; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">validation des hypoth&egrave;ses &eacute;mises en amont&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">perspectives et limites du projet.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">R&eacute;daction de la th&egrave;se</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">sep 2020 - juin 2022</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">R&eacute;daction de diff&eacute;rentes parties (chapitres) du projet</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:129px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Mise en forme et relecture</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:162px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">sep 2022 &ndash; mai 2023</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:329px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="__RefHeading___Toc86337_2548333774"></a></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <a href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/traitement-automatique-des-langues/"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/traitement-automatique-des-langues/</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/d0a8aa7a-5311-4eee-904c-98fa541108d8/language-fr"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/d0a8aa7a-5311-4eee-904c-98fa541108d8/language-fr</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Section Europ&eacute;enne et Langues Orientales. A noter que l&rsquo;appellation SELO est officiellement abandonn&eacute;e en faveur de celle de l&rsquo;EMILE &agrave; partir de la rentr&eacute;e 2019 suite &agrave; la reforme du lyc&eacute;e de 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Discipline Non Linguistique</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Brouillon (production &eacute;crite d&rsquo;un &eacute;l&egrave;ve)&nbsp;est consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme &laquo;&nbsp;un &eacute;crit interm&eacute;diaire, entre un premier &eacute;crit et le suivant, entre un &eacute;l&egrave;ve et les autres, entre un oral, une lecture et un nouvel &eacute;crit, entre une exp&eacute;rience et sa mise &agrave; distance&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">(Benabbes, S., s.d.).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les fiches de travail con&ccedil;us par des professeurs express&eacute;ment pour des cours EMILE et qui contiennent des espaces d&eacute;di&eacute;s &agrave; la prise de notes, aux r&eacute;flexions personnelles, aux r&eacute;ponses des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">CORpus des INteractions &agrave; l&rsquo;Ecole&nbsp;: Section Europ&eacute;enne Histoire Enseign&eacute;e en Anglais. Pour la simplicit&eacute; d&rsquo;usage, nous avons conserv&eacute; dans cette note de recherche la premi&egrave;re partie uniquement&nbsp;: CORINE.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> La Discipline Non Linguistique</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Par exemple lorsqu&rsquo;un support est exploit&eacute; par les professeures de deux mati&egrave;res, il va figurer deux fois dans le corpus int&eacute;gral. De m&ecirc;me, l&rsquo;exploitation d&rsquo;un support pendant le cours a l&rsquo;incidence sur le nombre des entr&eacute;es textuelles dans le corpus (ex. la lecture &agrave; une haute voix par un des &eacute;l&egrave;ves est <i>l&rsquo;output </i>pour celui qui parle et l&rsquo;<i>input</i> pour ceux qui &eacute;coutent).</span></span> </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> https://www.learnercorpusassociation.org/resources/tools/locness-corpus/</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> ex. le syst&egrave;me parlementaire,&nbsp; la monarchie britannique, la guerre en Iraq, la seconde guerre mondiale, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><a href="https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><a href="https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/releases/AntConc100/help.pdf"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/releases/AntConc100/help.pdf</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/releases/AntConc424/help.pdf</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;une liste des N-grams les plus fr&eacute;quents du corpus permet d&rsquo;identifier un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne linguistique qui aurait pu sinon rester invisible. Dans les recherches plus sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;es les N-grams peuvent aider &agrave; observer les marqueurs discursifs ou les phras&eacute;ologismes (expressions fixes propres au contexte &eacute;tudi&eacute;).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; <i>Academic Word List</i>; liste de mots acad&eacute;miques, &eacute;tablie par Coxhead (2002).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; D&eacute;marche: <i>Tool Preferences &rarr; Word list &rarr; Use specific list below.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; <span style="color:black">Le substantif <i>image</i> apr&egrave;s la v&eacute;rification est &eacute;cart&eacute; puisqu&rsquo;il rel&egrave;ve du contenu des cours, aucun emploi de ce mot pour des raisons m&eacute;thodologiques n&rsquo;est observ&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Voir la pr&eacute;sentation du corpus LOCNESS dans la section 2 &laquo;&nbsp;Contexte&nbsp;&raquo;<i><span style="color:black">. </span></i><span style="color:black">Pour cette analyse, uniquement </span><i><span style="color:black">les outputs</span></i><span style="color:black"> (productions &eacute;crites) des &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont &eacute;t&eacute; s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;es.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp; <a href="https://antconc-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/concordance_plot.html"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://antconc-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/concordance_plot.html</span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Calcul&nbsp;: 8,9 &divide; (25,6 +16,7) x 100</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Analyse effectu&eacute; avec AntConc puis tri&eacute; manuellement</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>

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